SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF GUM AND RESIN BY IMPROVED TAPPING TECHNIQUE IN SOME SPECIES

Mr. Balakrisnan NAIR

Department of plant sciences, Peermade development society, IDUKKI, Kerala
India



Gums and resins form an important group of non-wood forest products. The industrial applications of gum and resin have expanded tremendously in recent years. They are used in many unrelated industries such as paper, textile, petroleum, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food, varnishes, lacquers and soaps. Even though gum is produced by a large number of plants, their commercial exploitation is restricted to members of the Leguminosae, Sterculiaceae and Combretaceae. Gum is also extracted from seeds, seaweed and microorganisms. Resins are obtained from members of Pinaceae (rosin, amber), Leguminosae (copal), Dipterocarpaceae (dammar), Burseraceae (elemi, frankincense, guggul) and Umbelliferae (asafoetida, galbanum). Gums and resins are considered as the byproducts or end products of certain metabolic pathways. Poor soil, drought and other hostile situations promote the production of gums and resins. Indonesia, India, China and Sudan are the major producers of gums and resins. Millions of people worldwide, especially in developing countries depend on collection of gums, resins and latex as a means for their livelihood. However, the market of these products has declined over years due to several reasons. The main reasons of this decline are the unscientific and brutal methods of tapping, over exploitation leading to the death of the tapped trees and erratic supply of these products in the market. Commercial tapping of gum and resin is done by blazing, peeling or making deep cuts on the bole. On account of injurious and wasteful tapping and over-exploitation the populations of gum and resin producing plants have markedly declined. On the absence of cultivation of these plants there is a grave concern about the loss of the wild germplasm. Simple and effective tapping techniques which ensure optimum yield and regeneration of tapped trees have been developed for gum Arabic (Acacia senegal), gum ghatti, (Anogeissus latifolia)), neem gum, (Azadirachta indica), guggul (Commiphora weightii), and gum karaya (Sterculia urens) which ensure sustainable production of these material. The details of these methods are discussed.

Organic Vegetables Not Pesticide-Free

by: Rebecca Renner


As a nearly $8 billion business in the U.S. alone, according to 2000 data [244KB PDF] from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, organic fruits and vegetables have moved rapidly from a fringe business at the local food co-op to a mainstream supermarket staple. A key reason consumers buy organic is to avoid pesticide residues, but a small study suggests that organic produce may not be quite as clean as shoppers expect. Banned pesticides like DDT were found in organic carrots and potatoes at levels as high as or higher than conventionally grown produce, according to a screening study conducted by a college undergraduate and presented at the Society of Toxicology and Chemistry annual meeting in November.

Under federal law, crops labeled organic must be grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, chemical fertilizers, or sewage sludge. Such treatments must not have been used on a field for at least three years prior to planting of the organic crop. Those three years are meant to cleanse the soil of pesticide residues. But many long-used—and now-banned—toxic organochlorine pesticides can take decades to break down. Because root crops, such as carrots, grow directly in the soil, they represent a worst-case scenario for evaluating whether crops acquire such lingering pesticide residues.

Organic produce has lower levels of pesticides overall, according to agricultural scientist Brian Baker, who co-authored a widely cited paper that demonstrates this point (Food Addit. Contam. 2002, 19, 427–446). The new results attest to the persistence of organochlorine pesticides, adds Baker, who is research director for the Organic Materials Review Institute, a nonprofit organization that specializes in the review of substances for use in organic production, processing, and handling.

Beth Wolensky, a senior at Chatham College in Pittsburgh, Pa., bought 20 batches of carrots—half labeled organic and half grown conventionally. She washed the carrots as if she were cooking them for dinner and peeled some of them. Every carrot she tested harbored traces of p,pN-DDE, a breakdown product of the insecticide DDT, which has been banned for more than 30 years. Many of the carrots also carried residues of chlordane, a common pesticide that was banned in 1983. Some samples also contained small amounts of heptachlor, once popular as an agricultural pesticide and residential termite treatment. She plans to publish the study.

In all the carrot samples, concentrations of these chemicals were very low, in the low parts-per-trillion (ppt) range. The chemicals concentrated in the skin of the vegetables. In conventionally grown whole carrots, the mean concentration of p,pN-DDE was 40 ppt, but organic carrots had mean concentrations of 340 ppt. However, the skin of the conventionally grown carrots had concentrations of 588 ppt, compared to 3050 ppt for the organic ones. Renee Falconer, the analytical chemist who served as Wolensky’s faculty adviser, notes that the study lacks the statistical power to determine whether the organic carrots actually contain higher levels of the banned pesticides. She thinks it instead reflects the variability of the data.

In 2004, another Chatham student, Tanieka Motley, found similar results for potatoes, Falconer notes. At the concentrations detected, none of the chemicals in the carrots or potatoes is harmful. “But these low levels add to the overall pesticide load entering our bodies from all sources,” she says. Falconer notes that organic produce does have lower overall levels of pesticides that are currently in use. To reduce the pesticide load to her family, she buys organic and peels her root vegetables.




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This article first appeared in the January 11, 2006 issue of Environmental Science & Technology.Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society.

Jesus In The Qur’an

By: Naning Ariyanto

Muatan dari artikel di bawah ini mungkin tidak asing bagi ikhwah pada khususnya, dan atau bagi muslim pada umumnya. Bagaimana islam memandang siapa itu Yesus-nya kaum nasrani yang tidak lain adalah Isa Messiah alaihi salam. Islam bersikap “Al-Wasath” (pertengahan) di dalam mempercayai dan mengimani Isa dibandingkan kaum nasrani yang telah mengagung-agungkannya bahkan menganggap tuhan, sementara dilain pihak kaum yahudi (jewish) tidak percaya pada kerasulannya bahkan menafi’kan keberadaannya. Artikel ini mencoba mengupas kesalahan-kesalahan dan penyimpangan kaum nasrani di dalam mengimani keberadaan Jesus. Walaupun ditulis dalam bahasa inggris, penulis tidak bermaksud lain, kecuali karena memang tulisan ini merupakan ungkapan hasil diskusi penulis dengan beberapa orang nasrani dan atheis selama pernah tinggal di negeri English-speaker. Dengan harapan, mungkin ada ikhwah yang mengalami hal yang sama dengan penulis, bisa mengambil manfaat didalamnya. Dengan keterbatasan bahasa inggris penulis mencoba menjelaskan kepada mereka (nasrani, jewish dan atheis) tentang islam dan syari’at mulianya, akhirnya salah satunya tulisan di bawah ini lah hasilnya yang bisa penulis sumbangkan untuk ikhwah pengunjung jilbab. Met menyimak….

In the name of Allah, The beneficent, the Merciful
All praise and thanks are for Allah. We praised and thank for Him, we seek His aid and We seek his forgiveness. We seek Allah’s refuge from the evil of ourselves and from our evil actions. Whomever Allah guides then none can misguide him, and whomever Allah misguides then none can guide him. I testify that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah alone, having no partner, and I testify that Muhammad is His slave and His messenger.

Who wants to know more how The holy book of Alqur’an said about Jesus? In Indonesia, it might be a bit rare the questions like this emerge in the social life, even many christians living in Indonesia. But, Moslems who live in foreign countries, where basically belong to non-moslems countries , it’s better for us to be ready when somebody ask these questions. At least it could prevent ourself.

The Islamic view of Jesus lies between two extremes. The Jews, who rejected Jesus as a prophet of God, called him an impostor. The Christians on the other hand, considered him to be the son of God and still worship him as such. Islam is “Al Wasath”, considers Jesus one of the great prophets of God and respects him as much as Ibrahim (Abraham) and Muhammad (peace be upon them).

The Essence of Islam, willing submission to the will of God was revealed to Adam, who pass it on to his children. All the following revelations to Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and finally Muhammad (peace be upon them) were in the conformity with that message, with some elaboration to define the relation between man (human) and God, man and man, man and instructions. Thus, any contradictions among revealed the religions is viewed by Islam as a man-made element introduced into these religions. The position of Jesus in the three major religions, Judaism, Christianity (include chatolic) and Islam– should not be an exception.

We all Moslems have known that the Qur’an does not present a detailed life-story of Jesus, it highlights the important aspects of his birth, mission and ascension to heaven, and passes judgment on the Christian beliefs concerning him. The Quranic account of Jesus starts with the conception of his mother, Mary (Maryam), whose mother, the wife of Imran, vowed to dedicate her to the service of God in the temple. When Mary became a woman, The Holy spirit (the Archangel Gabriel) appeared to her as a man bringing her news of a son. We read the following dialogue in the Qur’an between Mary and the Angel:

“(Remember) when the angels said:’O Maryam (Mary)! Verily, Allah gives you the glad tidings of a word (Be- and he was! i.e Isa (Jesus) the son of Maryam (Mary) from Him, his name will be the Messiah Isa (Jesus). The son of Maryam, held in honour in this world and in the hereafter, and will be one of those who are near to Allah. He will speak to the people in the cradle and in manhood, and he will be one of the righteous. She said:’O, my Lord, How shall I have a son when no man has touched me.’ He said” So (it will be) for Alloh creates what He wills. When He has decreed something, He says to it only:’Be!’ and it is.” (Al-Imran: 45-47)

In a Chapter (Surah) entitled “Maryam”, The Qur’an tells us how Maryam gave birth to her son, and how the Jews accused her of prostitution when she brought the child home:

“Then she brought him (the baby) to her people, carrying him, They said:’O, mary! Indeed you have brought a thing Fariyy (A mighty thing). ‘O sister of Harun (Aaron)! Your father was not a man who used to commit adultery, nor your mother was an unchaste woman. Then she pointed to him, They said:’How can we talk to one who is child in the cradle.’ He (Jesus) said:’ Verily, I am a slave of Allah, He was given me the Scripture and made me a prophet. And He was made me blessed wheresoever I be, And has enjoined on me Shalat (prayer), and Zakat, as long as I live. And dutiful to my mother, and made me not arrogant, unblest. And salam (peace) be upon me the day I was born, an the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive.” (Maryam: 29-33)

In the same chapter (Surah), following the above quotation, God assures Muhammad (peace be upon him), and through him the whole world, that what is told above the TRUTH about Jesus (peace be upon him), although Christians might not accept it. Jesus is NOT the son of God. He was abviously, the son of Mary (Maryam). The verses continue:
“ Such is Isa (Jesus), son of maryam. (it is) statement of the truth, about which they doubt (or dispute about it). It befits not (the Majesty of) Allah that He should beget a son (this refers to the slander of Christians against Allah., by saying that Isa (Jesus) is the son of Allah. Glorified (and exalted is He above all that they associate with Him). When He decrees a thing, He only says to it ‘Be!’ and it is.” (Maryam: 34-35).
After this strong statement about the nature of Jesus, God directed Muhammad (peace upon him) to call the Christians to worship to one God: “Jesus said: ‘ And Verily Allah is my Lord. So worship Him (alone). That is the Straight Path. “ (Maryam: 36).

The rejection of the very idea of God having a son is restated later in the same chapter in even stronger words:
“And they say,’The Most Gracious (Allah) has begotten a son (or offspring or children) as the Jews say,’Uzair (Ezra) is the son of Allah, and the Christians say that He has begotten a son (Jesus), an the pagan Arabs say tha He has begotten daughters (angels and others). Indeed you have brought forth (said) a terrible evil thing. Whereby the heavens are almost torn, and the earth is split asunder, and the mountains fall in ruins, That they ascribe a son (or offspring or children) to The Most Gracious (Allah). But it is not suitable for (The Majesty of) the Most Gracious (Allah) that He should beget a son ((or offspring or children). There is none in the heavens and the earth but comes onto the Most Gracious (Allah) as a slave. (Maryam: 88–93)

The Qur’an recognizes the fact that Jesus had no human father, but this does not make him the son of God, or God himself. By this criterion, Adam would have been more entitled to be the son of God, because he had neither a father nor a mother, so the Qur’an draws attention to the miraculous creation of both in the following verses:”Verily, the likeness of Isa (Jesus) before Allah is the likeness of Adam. He created him from dust, then (He) said to him,’Be!’, and he was.” (Al-Imran: 59).

We all Moslems knew, that the Qur’an rejects the concept of the trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy spirit. This is because God Is One, Three can not be one. The Qur’an addresses Christians in the Surrah “An-Nisaa”: 171-174. This Surrah confirmed that God the One and Only, and no Trinity concept, No God other than Allah, and people will not find for themselves besides Allah any protector or helper.

The denial of Jesus divinity (Of Mary’s divinity), is presented in the Qur’an in the form of a dialogue, on the Day of Judgement, between the Almighty and Jesus. All the Messengers and their nations will gather before God, and He will ask the Messenger how they were received by their people and what they said to them. Among those who will be questioned is Jesus:
”And (remember) when Allah will say (On the day of Resurrection):’O Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary)! Did you say unto Men:’Worship me and my mother as two gods besides Allah?’ he will say:’Glory be to you! It was not for me to say what I had no right (to say). Had I said such a thing, You would surely have known it. You know what is in my inner-self though I do not knowwhat is in yours; truly, You, only You, are the All-Knower of all that is hidden (and unseen).” (Al-Maida: 116)

Given that the Qur’an denies the Trinity and the Son-ship of Jesus, what according to the Qur’an, was the real mission of Jesus? The answer is that Jesus was a link in a long chain of prophets and Messengers sent by God to various nations and societies whenever they needed guidance or deviated from his teachings. Although he was supported by numerous miracles to prove that he was a Messengers from God, the majority of the Jews rejected his ministry.

In another verse of the Qur’an, Jesus confirmed the validity of the Torah which was revealed to Moses, and also conveyed the glad tidings of a final Messengers who would follow him:
”And (remember) when Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), said:’O Children of Israel! I’m the Messenger of Allah unto you, confirming the Taurat (Torah) which came before me, and giving glad tidings of a Messenger to come after me, whose name shall be Ahmad. But when Ahmad (Muhammad) came to them with clear proofs, they said:’This is plain magic.” (Ash-Shaff: 6)

Note that “praised one” is translation of “Ahmad” –Prophet Muhammad’s name. A careful study of the New Testament shows that Jesus refers to the same prophet in Jhon 14: 16-17, “And I will give you another counselor (The Prophet Muhammad), to be with you for ever, even the Spirit of the Truth.”

The usual explanation of this prophecy is that the counselor referred to is the Holy Siprit, but this explanation is excluded by a previous in Jhon: “Nevertheless I tell you the truth,’it is to your advantage that I go away, for if I do not go away, the counselor will not come to you.”
The characteristics of this counselor, as can be derived from the prophecy, are that he will stay forever with believers, He will glorify Jesus and speak what he hears from God. All three characteristics apply to prophet Muhammad. He came six centuries after Jesus. He came with a universal and everlasting message, fulfilling the prophecy that the counselor will stay forever with the faithful. He glorified Jesus as a great Prophet. The Qur’an attributes to Jesus miracles not mentioned in the Bible. Prophecies in the Bible’s Old and New Testaments (Perjanjian Lama dan Perjanjian Baru - Indonesia Language), as well as specific verses in the Qur’an, show how Prophet Muhammad was rejected by Jews and Christians out of prejudice and misunderstanding, rather than careful study the Bible.

It is a sad fact of history that not many people are following the “straight-path” to which they were called by Jesus. He was only followed by a few disciples inspired by God to support him. The non-believers plotted, as they would against Muhammad six centuries later, to kill Jesus. But God had a better plan for him and his followers, as the Qur’an tells us:
“Then when Isa (Jesus) came to know of their disbelief, he said:’Who will be my helpers in Allah’s Cause?’ Al-Hawariyyun (the disciples) said:’We are the helpers of Allah; we believe in Allah, and bear witness that we are Moslems (we submit to Allah). Our Lord, We believe in what You have sent down, and We follow the messenger (Isa/Jesus); so write us down among those who bear witness (to the truth, La ilaha illallah-none has the right to be worshipped but Allah) and they (disbelievers) plotted (to kill Isa/Jesus), and Allah plotted too. And Allah is the Best of those who plot. And (remember) when Allah said:’O Isa (Jesus)! I will take you and raise you Myself and clear you (of the forged statement that Isa is Allah’s son) of those who disbelieve, and I will make those who follow you (Monotheists, who worship none but Allah) superior to those who disbelieve (in the oneness of Allah, or disbelieve in some of his Messengersm e.g. Muhammad, Isa (Jesus), Musa (Moses), etc. or in His Holy Books, e.g The Taurat (Torah), The Injeel (Gospel), The Qur’an till the Day of Resurrection. Then you will return to Me and I will judge between you in the matters in which you used to dispute.” (Al-Imran: 52-55)

As the above verses indicate, Jesus was taken raised to heaven. He was not crucified. It was certainly the plan of the enemies of Jesus to put him to death on the cross, but God saved him and someone else was crucified. Allah Almighty said:
“And because of their (Jews) disbelief and uttering against Maryam (Mary) a grave false charge (that she has committed illegal sexual intercourse); and because of their saying (in boast), ‘We killed Messiah Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), the Messenger of Allah,’-but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but the resemblance of Isa (Jesus) was put over another man (and they killed that man), and those who differ therein are full of doubts. They have no (certain) knowledge, they follow nothing but conjecture, for surely, they killed him not (i.e Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary)), But Allah raised him up (with his body and soul) unto Himself (and he is in the heavens). And Allah is Ever All-Powerful, All-Wise, And there is none of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) but must believe in Him (Isa/Jesus), son of Maryam, as only a Messenger of Allah and a human being, before his (Isa/Jesus or Jew’s or a Christians ) death (at the time of the appearance of the angel of death). And on the Day of Resurrection, he (Isa) will be a witness against them.” (An-Nisaa :156-159)

The Qur’an does not explain who was the person crucified instead of Jesus (peace be upon him), nor does it elaborate on the second Coming of Jesus. However, expounders of the Qur’an have always interpreted the last verses of the above quotation to mean that Jesus will return, and that all Jews and Christians will believe in him before he dies. This understanding is supported by authentic saying (Hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).

Hasbunallahu Wa ni’mal Wakiil. Wallahu ta’ala a’lam bi shawwab.



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Ditulis dan dikembangkan dari artikel Dar Eshbelia. Riyadh. Saudi Arabia.

Potassium Ion Channel

by: Jim_Kling


X-ray crystallography is a vital tool for studying the structure and function of proteins. It relies on coaxing a protein into forming a well-ordered crystal—a demanding task that can take months or even years to accomplish. To decipher the structure, researchers bombard the crystal with X-rays to produce a diffraction pattern that can be decoded to produce a three-dimensional picture of an individual protein.
However, many proteins can adopt multiple structures, so a natural question arises: Is the structure a protein adopts in a crystal identical to the one it adopts in its cellular environment? This question lies at the center of a debate over the structure of KvAP, a voltage-dependent potassium ion channel taken from a bacterium found in ocean bottom hydrothermal vents. In December, Science magazine named a group of journal articles about the issue one of its top 10 Science breakthroughs of 2005.
In two articles in Nature in 2003, a team led by Roderick MacKinnon of Rockefeller University published two structures of KvAP Such channels are vital to electrical impulses’ conduction along neurons and other cells. The proteins are embedded in cell membranes, where they sense changes in voltage potential across the membrane, opening or closing the pore to regulate the cell's potassium ion content and adjust the voltage potential.
The protein was particularly challenging to crystallize because it exists within the cell membrane, which places it in a hydrophobic environment and also physically constrains it. To accomplish the task, the researchers attached antibody fragments to the protein to stabilize it. They produced two crystal structures—one of the entire protein and one of just the regions that act as voltage sensors. The resulting structures revealed a central ion conduction pore surrounded by four paddle-like voltage sensors that spread out from the channel's outer perimeter. The protein also contains flexible hinges. From this structure, the researchers concluded that charged amino acids in the voltage sensor 'paddles' cause them to move in response to a change in the voltage across the membrane. The hinges transfer that movement to the pore, causing it to open or close.
The structures provided evidence for a novel mechanism for voltage-dependent potassium ion channels, but they also seemed slightly askew. The paddle-like voltage sensors were tilted away from the direction that many had expected based on the physiological measurements of the potassium ion channel. The researchers concluded that the structure was a 'non-native' conformation. Did the use of antibody fragments somehow alter the structure of the protein in the crystal?
In the October 25, 2005 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team published a follow-up study that answered that question. In this work, they produced two additional crystal structures of KvAP, one using different antibody fragments than those used in the earlier crystallization, and one without using any antibody fragments at all. Both had similar structures to the original, indicating that the antibody fragments were not responsible for the non-native conformation.
In fact, the researchers suggest that the change is a result of removing the protein from the cell membrane. The voltage sensors are not tightly linked to the pore, but the cell membrane helps lock them into position. When the protein leaves that environment in preparation for crystallization, that constraint is removed, allowing the protein to reorient itself.
The nature of KvAP probably contributed to the difficulty in getting a native conformation in the crystal structure. For the voltage sensors to cause the opening and closing of the ion pore, the protein must be highly flexible, which in turn makes it capable of adopting a number of different conformations. In fact, it likely has a number of native structures, MacKinnon says. There may be many more yet to discover.

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This article first appeared on February 6, 2006. From: http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_pro.html?id=c373e9092cbda5d78f6a17245d830100

Syaikh Bin Baz Berbicara Tentang: Hukum Membuat Cincin Perkawinan

Sibuk merancang dan menentukan cincin perkawinan sebelum wedding party?
Memang hal ini masih banyak terjadi di kalangan masyarakat kita, termasuk umat islam sendiri. Bahkan, menyerahkan cincin pernikahan menjadi semacam kewajiban atau hal yang tidak boleh ditinggalkan bagi keluarga mempelai pria kepada keluarga mempelai wanita. Orang jawa bilang sebagai "pengiket" atau "pengikat" hubungan diantara kedua calon mempelai sekaligus keluarga besar dari masing-masing mempelai sebelum hari -H pernikahan itu terjadi. Dan sebagian orang yang lain bilang, hal ini sebagai kenang-kenangan mereka berdua (suami-istri). Ups, awas apakah temen-temen (ikhwah) juga kebawa arus budaya ini! Ini nich kita lihat bagaimana beliau Syaikh Bin Baz rahimahullahu ta'ala membahas tentang boleh tidaknya budaya membuat cincin pernikahan. Lets simak tulisan di bawah ini!

Syaikh Bin Baz ditanya bagaimana hukumnya membuat cincin perkawinan yang ditulisi diatasnya nama suami istri (calon mempelai) pemakainya. Misalnya sang suami menulis nama istrinya diatas cincinnya, begitu sebaliknya sang istri menulis nama suami diatas cincinnya, atau bahkan disertakan tanggal peminangan. Apakah perbuatan ini bid'ah? adakah dalil yang membolehkannya atau melarangnya? Dan bagaimana dengan perkataan Rasulullah SAW kepada seorang shahabatnya, "Berikanlah maharnya, meskipun hanya sebuah cincin besi", apakah hal ini bisa menjadi dalil untuk menggunakan cincin pernikahan?

Jawaban Beliau:
Pertama, persoalan yang Anda kemukakan tentang cincin, baik cincin pinangan ataupun cincin perkawinan yang dipakai masing-masing pasangan tersebut, dalam Islam, tidak ada dalil yang menyuruh memakainya. Maka, perbuatan itu adalah bid'ah yang ditiru oleh seorang muslim yang lemah dari kebiasaan orang kafir. Perbuatan meniru-niru perbuatan orang kafir ini jelas dilarang oleh Rasulullah SAW:
"Siapa yang meniru-niru suatu kaum, maka ia termasuk ke dalam golongan kaum tersebut." (Hadist Shahih, Musnad Ahmad, 2/50, 90, Sunan Abu Daud, Hadist no. 4031. Lihat Juga kitab Al-Irwa', hadist no. 1269)

Kedua, Perkataan Rasulullah SAW kepada salah seorang shahabatnya, "Berikanlah mahar, meskipun hanya sebuah cincin besi," bukanlah dalil bolehnya memakai cincin perkawinan, karena suruhan Rasulullah tersebut berkaitan dengan persoalan mahar yang harus dipersiapkan oleh seorang laki-laki yang ingin menikah. Wabilahittaufiq.


(Fatwa Syaikh Bin Baz no. 4127, tanggal 11/11/1401 H. Diambil dari kumpulan Fatwa Syaikh Bin Baz dalam Buku:"183 Masalah Aktual Muslimah". )

Assalamu'alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuhu

Welcome to my second garden......
An informal record of my adventures and my writings



Sydney, 13 Feb 2006. Memory in UNSW Library